Source: http://people.clarkson.edu/~wwilcox/Design/refsafe.htm
Sustainability, energy efficiency, green chemistry
- 2011 review of green chemistry
- Green chemicals news
- Improving Energy Efficiency in the Chemical Industry
- Process integration for improved efficiency and safety
- Forum on Science and Technology for Sustainability Information and valuable links
- Sustainability metrics
- Profit from Greenhouse Gas Management
- Green chemistry (collection of papers)
U.S. government agencies, regulations and laws
As in other fields, use of the acronyms in parentheses below tends to identify you as someone who knows about these important matters
- Integrated Risk Information Service (IRIS)
- Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
- Emergency Planning and Public Right to Know Act (EPCRA)
- Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
- Clean Air Act (CAA)
- Clean Water Act (CWA)
- Occupational Safety and Health Act (same acronym)
- Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals (PSM)
- OSHA and EPA Process Safety Management Requirements: A Practical Guide for Compliance
- The Whistleblower Protection Program
- Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)
- Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) Rules for manufacturing pharmaceuticals, from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Non-U.S. regulations
With global commerce, companies often must also follow laws and regulations established by non-U.S. governments and organizations. For example:
- REACH “REACH is a new European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use. It deals with the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical substances.”
Non-governmental safety codes and standards
Often recognized in governmental regulations
- Responsible Care® (American Chemistry Council)
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
- American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO, not IOS)
- American Petroleum Institute (API)
- The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society (ISA)
- International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
- ASTM International (formerly American Society of Testing and Materials)
- American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) See especially the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Pollution control and environmental protection
- Design for pollution control Excellent article. Includes decision trees for selection of method, using acrylonitrile plant to illustrate.
- Permissible ambient concentrations of pollutants in waste water and air
- Reduce emissions
- Capturing CO2 from Coal-Fired Power Plants
- Capturing CO2 using Membranes
- Ozone reduction
- International Standards Organization (ISO 9000 quality standards for products, ISO 14000 standards for environmental protection)
- Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook
Design for Safety
- SAChE (Safety And Chemical engineering Education; a program of the Center for Chemical Process Safety, an organization within AIChE)
- University student login Obtain the password from your chemical engineering department office. Required to download a wide variety of useful materials.
- Login not required for the following:
Links
Real-life accidents - Student safety certificate program (requires student membership in AIChE, which is free to undergraduates in US and Canadian schools)
- Chapter 26 in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (library at Ref 660.2021 C517)
- Design for safety Discussion of common dangers that can be avoided by proper design.
- Guidelines for Engineering Design for Process Safety
- Inherently Safer Chemical Processes, A Life Cycle Approach
- Inherently Safer Design
- Inherently Safer Design
- Pressure Safety Design Practices for Refinery and Chemical Operations
- Pressure Vessel Design Manual
- Guidelines for Pressure Relief and Effluent Handling Systems
- Flare Selection
- Pressure Vessels: Design and Practice
Operate for Safety
- Videos about accidents (from the U.S. Chemical Safety Board)
- “What Went Wrong?” Case Histories of Process Plant Disasters and How They Could Have Been Avoided
- Fatal work injuries Fishing, farming, transportation, construction and mining are the most dangerous industries.
- Center for Chemical Process Safety An AIChE Industry Technology Alliance aimed at safer operating practices. Offers books for sale, training, and free on-line material such as:
- 52 on-line publications (search “Center for Chemical Process Safety”)
- Process Safety Beacons
- Glossary of terminology
- Process Safety Progress On-line journal with excellent research papers.
- Loss Prevention in the Process Industries (2nd Edition)
- Anti-terrorism; “Managing Security Risks,” Chemical Engineering Progress (July 2009)41.
- Strategic investments in process safety
- Reports & analysis of accidents (US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board)
- Occupational Health and Safety Standards (OSHA)
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) data bases and information resources.
- Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal: Ref 628.44 S785
- 5S Comprehensive Training, Education and Resource Center
HAZOP (HAZard and OPerability) and Risk Assessment studies
Software, training, consulting and facilitation are available commercially and can be found on-line. Simulators such as HYSYS, particularly in the dynamics mode (varying with time), can be quite useful in determining the influence of deviations from specified flow rates, compositions, temperatures, pressures, etc. They can also be used to test the effectiveness of control systems to automatically compensate for these deviations without relying on the intervention of a human operator.
- Simple explanation of HAZOP
- Another explanation
- HAZOP study block diagram and terminology
- Good instructions on how to do a HAZOP study
- Application of HAZOP and What-If Safety Reviews to the Petroleum, Petrochemical and Chemical Industries
- HAZOP case histories
- Risk assessment
- HAZOP analysis results form
- Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures
- Guidelines for Design Solutions for Process Equipment Failures
- Evaluating Process Safety in the Chemical Industry – A User’s Guide to Quantitative Risk Analysis
- Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
- Dow’s Fire and Explosion Index Guide (for purchase); Information & forms (starts on p 8/37); Example, with forms
- Overpressure in a distillation column Simulation using Aspen Dynamics
- Hazard Analysis for Dust-Handling Operations
Fires, explosions, chemical reaction hazards, toxicity
- CAMEO Chemicals Web Portal : Searchable database for over 6,000 chemicals provides physical properties, health hazards, information about air and water hazards, and recommendations for firefighting, first aid, and spill response.
- Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS): On reserve in library (604.7 M425); Internet resources; hazard.com
- Fires:
- Avoid:
- A mixture containing a combustible material and oxygen between the upper and lower flammability limits (see below), taking into account pressure, temperature, and oxygen concentration.
- A combustible stream from a condenser at a temperature above its flash point .
- Formation of a pyrophoric reaction product, such as iron maleate from the reaction of maleic acid with iron.
- Perry’s pp 26-51 to 26-72.
- Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials Complete and up-to-date source of the fire hazard properties of flammable liquids, gases and volatile solids in air at 1 atm. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 2001 (ISBN 0877654735; $125)
- Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (CRC): page 16-13 and following in the 87th
- “Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases and Vapors,” by Michael G. Zabetakis, Bulletin 627, Bureau of Mines, US Department of the Interior (1965). Excellent (but old) book on flammability of combustible gases and vapor: Extensive collection of data on flammability limits, including plots of influence of oxygen-nitrogen ratio, pressure, temperature. Here is Appendix A, which contains limits of flammability and autoignition temperature for many compounds in air at 1 atm.
- “Limits of Flammability of Gases and Vapors,” by H.F. Coward and G.W. Jones, Bulletin 503, Bureau of Mines (1952). A report preceding the above that also tabulates flammability limits in oxygen and nitrogen oxides, as well as the oxygen percentages below which no mixture is flammable using nitrogen or carbon dioxide as diluents.
- Extended Le Chatelier’s formula for mixtures (includes influence of dilution with an inert gas such as carbon dioxide).
- Review of methods for mixtures
- Prediction of the flash point of single components and mixtures
- Appendices in Understanding Explosions
- T-dependence of LFL Tables of LFL for this paper
- “Fire Hazards in Industry,” Norman Thomson, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 141750563X (2002) ebook
- Selection of flame arrestors
- Pressure release in fires
- Handling Flammable Liquids (control of electrostatic hazards)
- Improved safety of LNG terminal by dynamics modeling with HYSYS
- Explosions:
- Gas Explosion Handbook
- Explosion Hazards in the Process Industries
- Understanding Explosions
- Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles for Oil, Gas, Chemical, and Related Facilities
- Avoiding Static Ignition Hazards in Chemical Operations (from the AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety)
- Power Point presentation on methods to avoid explosions
- Deflagration and Detonation Arresters
- Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology – The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual
- High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems
- Using Instrumented Systems for Overpressure Protection
- Hazard of relief valve and rupture disk in series ; Relief valves ; Relief valves for supercritical fluids
- Dust Explosions in the Process Industries
- Avoiding explosions in dust collectors
- Minimum Inerting Concentration for Dusts
- Hazard Analysis for Dust-Handling Operations
- Chemical reaction hazards
- On-line chemical reaction predictor for mixtures of more than 6,000 common hazardous chemicals.
- Essential Practices for Managing Chemical Reactivity Hazards
- How to handle reactive materials
- Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards Ref 660.2804 B844h4
- Screening for Chemical Reactivity Hazards
- Chemical toxicity
- Evaluation of reactive chemical hazards
- Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
- Patty’s Toxicology
- Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Ref 7 S272d9
- Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens
- Toxic properties of chemicals
- Toxicity of chemicals in air
- DoT Office of Hazardous Materials Safety
- Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
- NIOSH Databases and Other Resources
- EPA Chemical Fact Sheets
- DDT and malaria. A New Home for DDT. The Case for DDT
- Bhopal 20 years later
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